Solar energy is a renewable source that is becoming increasingly popular. At the heart of this technology is solar panelIt is also called a photovoltaic panel or module. This device captures sunlight and converts it into electrical energy. This technology has gained increasing prominence, driven by the search for sustainability and the need to reduce the environmental impact of traditional energy sources.
In today's energy context, marked by the search for clean and efficient alternatives, solar panels stand out as a promising and affordable solution. Their application ranges from residential and commercial installations to large generation plants, providing renewable energy and contributing significantly to reducing electricity costs.
In this article, we will explore in detail the concept of solar panel, their intrinsic functioning, the various types available on the market and their respective applications.
What is a solar panel?
One solar panelalso known as a photovoltaic panel or module, is a device that uses the photovoltaic effect to convert solar radiation directly into electrical energy. Essentially, its function is to capture the sun's light energy and transform it into electric current, making it possible to supply energy for various purposes, from powering electrical appliances to heating water, depending on the system configuration.
These devices are made up of a complex structure of components that operate synergistically to perform energy conversion. Among the main elements are the photovoltaic cells, which are the active elements responsible for absorbing photons from sunlight and converting them into free electrons, generating the electric current. The frame, usually made of aluminum, provides structural support and protection against mechanical damage. The layer of tempered glass or similar material, positioned on the front, protects the solar cells from weathering and impacts, while allowing sunlight to pass through.
In the contemporary energy context, solar panels have gained significant relevance as a sustainable and economically viable alternative to conventional sources. Their versatility allows them to be installed in a variety of environments, from homes to large industrial facilities, actively contributing to reducing electricity costs and mitigating the environmental impact associated with traditional energy generation.
How does a solar panel work?
The operation of a solar panel (photovoltaic module) is based on the photovoltaic effect, a physical phenomenon that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electrical energy. The process, although fundamentally simple, involves some important details.
Initially, sunlight falls on the photovoltaic cells, which are the basic components of the solar panel. These cells are made up of a semiconductor material, typically silicon, which is doped with impurities to create a PN (positive-negative) junction.
When photons (particles of light) from solar radiation hit solar cells, they transfer energy to the electrons in the semiconductor material. This extra energy causes the electrons to free themselves from their atoms, creating a flow of electrons, i.e. an electric current. This electric current is of the direct current (DC) type.
However, most conventional electrical appliances and systems use alternating current (AC). Therefore, the direct current generated by the solar panels needs to be converted into alternating current. This conversion is carried out by a device called solar inverter. The inverter transforms DC current into AC current, which can then be used to power electrical equipment or be fed into the grid.
This process of converting solar energy into electricity is intrinsically silent, efficient and sustainable. By harnessing sunlight, a renewable and abundant energy source, solar panels contribute to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating the environmental impact of energy generation.
Solar panel components and technologies
Solar panels (photovoltaic modules) are complex systems that convert sunlight into electricity. This conversion is possible thanks to several components working together, combined with innovative technologies that optimize efficiency and durability.
Main components
Photovoltaic cells: the heart of the solar panel, responsible for converting sunlight into electricity. Most are made of silicon, an efficient semiconductor material. There are different types of cells:
- Monocrystalline: made from a single silicon crystal, they offer greater efficiency and durability, making them ideal for limited spaces.
- Polycrystalline: made of multiple silicon crystals, are more affordable but slightly less efficient.
- HJT (heterojunction): made from a combination of crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to increase efficiency. Amorphous silicon is a type of non-crystalline silicon with a disordered structure, used in thin film technologies.
- Tandem: made from a combination of monocrystalline silicon and perovskite, a promising material composed of different chemical elements. This technology has the potential to achieve greater efficiency and innovation in solar energy conversion.
Tempered glass: protects photovoltaic cells from weathering and physical damage, without compromising the passage of light.
- Anti-reflective layer: applied to the glass, minimizes the loss of light by reflection, ensuring that more light is absorbed by the cells.
Anodized aluminum frame: provides support and fixation while being lightweight, corrosion-resistant and durable. It helps keep the sign at the ideal angle for maximum light capture.
EncapsulantsThe EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate) system protects photovoltaic cells from humidity, dust and vibrations, ensuring adhesion and reducing light loss.
Backsheet: The back layer, which can be transparent or milky, made of plastic or composite materials, protects the cells from moisture and other damage, as well as ensuring electrical safety. In some cases, the backsheet can be replaced with double glazing.
Types of solar panels: which one to choose?
The choice of solar panel is crucial to optimizing the performance of your photovoltaic system, and this decision depends on several factors, such as available space, budget, installation site conditions and, of course, the specific needs of your project. BYD offers a variety of photovoltaic modules with different characteristics, designed to meet different demands.
Main types of solar panels
Solar panels can be categorized into two main types:
- MonofacialThese panels only capture sunlight from one side, which makes them ideal for residential and commercial roofs where sunlight falls directly, without significant reflection from the ground. They are a practical and economical option for simpler installations.
- Bifacial: Designed to capture light from both sides, bifacial plates also take advantage of light reflected from the ground or other surfaces. They are perfect for large, open spaces, such as solar farms, where reflected light is abundant, maximizing energy production.
Recent innovations in solar panels
Solar panel technology has evolved rapidly, with innovations that increase the efficiency and durability of the systems. Some of these innovations include:
- TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) technology: A more recent innovation that improves the performance of solar cells, especially at high temperatures, reducing energy losses caused by heat, making solar modules more suitable for regions with a hot climate.
- Bifacial cells: As mentioned, these cells capture light from both sides, taking advantage of the light reflected by the ground or other surrounding surfaces. This can significantly increase energy production in installations with a high incidence of reflected light.
- IBC (Interdigitated Back Contact) cells: an innovative technology that eliminates the connecting bars on the front of the cell, allowing for a greater area of light absorption and a cleaner aesthetic. These cells are known as "zero busbar" (0BB) due to the absence of front bars. Modules with cells of this technology remain efficient even in shady situations.
- N-Rectangle technology: uses rectangular cells, which allows for better use of the module's area and greater efficiency in energy conversion.
- Intelligent monitoring systems: the integration of sensors and real-time monitoring systems makes it possible to monitor energy production, board performance and system efficiency, facilitating the early detection of faults and continuous optimization.
Choosing the right solar panel
BYD offers a range of photovoltaic modules designed to meet diverse needs, from compact homes to large solar plants. Each model has specific characteristics that make it ideal for different scenarios and energy demands. Discover the BYD and find the perfect solution for your project:
MLK-36 Monofacial 520W - 550W
Ideal for homes that need high power in a limited space.
Differentials:
- High efficiency of 21.3%.
- Low annual degradation, guaranteeing performance for many years.
- High mechanical load capacity, ideal for various climatic conditions.
- 12-year product guarantee and 25-year linear power guarantee.
Benefits: efficient and reliable energy production, even in smaller spaces, with the peace of mind of a long-term guarantee.
MGK-36 Monofacial 425W - 455W
Ideal for residential roofs with weight and space restrictions.
Differentials:
- Lighter design, making it easier to install on roofs.
- Efficiency of 21%.
- Low annual degradation.
- Excellent value for money.
- 12-year product guarantee and 25-year linear power guarantee.
Benefits: great performance at a more affordable investment, ideal for those looking for an efficient and economical solution.
BYD HRP72S Monofacial 555W - 580W
Ideal for homes with high energy consumption or projects that require maximum use of solar energy.
Differentials:
- Efficiency of 22.3%.
- Lower annual degradation, maintaining high performance for longer.
- High power, up to 580W.
- Excellent performance in intense heat.
- 12-year product guarantee and 30-year linear power guarantee.
Benefits: significant and long-lasting energy production, with an excellent long-term return on investment.
BYD TUI66T Bifacial 605W - 620W
Ideal for large plants and applications in trackers for soil plants.
Differentials:
- Bifacial module with N-type TopCon Half-cell N-Rectangle technology.
- First with this technology produced in Brazil with transparent backsheet.
- Multiple busbars connecting 66 cells for superior performance.
- High efficiency of up to 22.7%.
- Lightweight and resistant.
- 12-year product guarantee and 30-year linear power guarantee.
Benefits: maximum use of sunlight, high efficiency and durability for large projects, with the latest technology available on the market.
When you choose a BYD photovoltaic module, you invest in cutting-edge technology, high efficiency and a long-term guarantee. Each model is designed to meet specific needs, ensuring that you have the best solution for your solar energy project.
Why invest in solar panels today?
Investing in solar panels is one of the smartest and most sustainable decisions you can make. Throughout this article, we've seen how solar panels efficiently transform sunlight into electricity, offering a clean and economical alternative to traditional sources.
Equipped with high-tech components, such as photovoltaic cells and innovations like the PERC and TOPConsolar panels guarantee a more efficient and durable system. With the variety of solar modules available, including BYD's monofacial and bifacial models, you can choose the ideal option for your home or business.
Our commitment is to promote the transition to more accessible and cleaner energy. With cutting-edge technologies and customized solutions, the company offers high-quality solar systems that meet the different demands of its clients, always with a focus on sustainability and efficiency.
